Why did China develop and industrialize while India didn’t? Why didn’t the same process as in China take place in Indonesia or Philippines or Bangladesh or Pakistan, all of them capitalist countries
China mixes and matches capitalism with state capitalism and socialism. They use subsidies to squash overseas competition, that's why you can get things for basically free, shipping included, from Aliexpress. China has almost as many billionaires as the US - and is going to overtake them soon enough.
They're smart in utilizing protectionism too. It's way harder for western companies to sell things to the Chinese than Chinese companies to sell things to the west. For an example, Volkswagen sells cars through joint ventures with Chinese companies. They can't just have a western-owned company selling the cars.
Why not India? Tough to say. For one reason or another, China became the factory of the world. Since then, they've made a lot of smart decisions to both profit from it as much as possible, and retain their status (just look at Shenzhen. There's no alternative in the world). The other countries you mentioned could never have the economies of scale that China does. India is the only one that theoretically could.
Yes, you can also see mopeds and such in the photo. 2 stroke mopeds of course are even worse for emissions than cars. Modern 4 stroke ones not so much, but if you're limited to 50cc, they're ridiculously underpowered, not particularly long lasting, etc. Not sure what the regulations on this area in India.
And sure, you can definitely walk. You can walk on the side of a highway too, nobody's stopping you. Why are people complaining about car centric city design in the US? You CAN walk. It's not safe to in many places, but you CAN.
For real though, some people don't want to walk on what is essentially a highway. It's unsafe. There should be better options for pedestrians.