Ritardando = slowing down, it's a tempo notation.
pp = pianissimo (very soft), mf = mezzoforte (medium strong). One of my old conductors would say "it's not about volume, it's about feeling", so intensity is a good word, although it often refers to volume. One of the main jobs of the conductor is making sure the music is interpreted in a way that fits the venue; pianissimo can be quite loud (but 'soft') in a big auditorium.
Die doesn't mean anything - at least, not too me as a violinist. Might just be a percussion instruction to let the sound die away, rather than muffling it.
You'd assume that, but then you've not had the misfortune of using Google Cloud. "Because fuck you, that's why." -- Sundar Pichai.
The big benefit of AWS Linux and Azure Linux is they start up really really quickly on their respective platforms, so if you've an app to run that's fairly platform agnostic then it's easy to deploy at scale. If it's not very platform agnostic then you're in for a world of pain. AL2023 in particular seems to just rename all the packages differently from any other distro just for the fun of it.