Same thing in (some variants of) Spanish. You have ñoño, someone who is always trying to outperform the others academically, usually it's those who make a huge effort without seeing proportional results for it.
But we have very few insults for intellectual or smart people. Practically none I can think of.
The best you're going to get is anecdotal evidence at most.
I think universally, arrogance is very much frowned upon, and a lot of intelligent (and not so intelligent) people use their self-perceived intelligence to put others down. So you're going to find a lot of words for arrogant, pedantic or annoying people. But insults for just smart or academically talented people are indeed rare outside of English. At least in my experience.