History Memes

And this is precisely why the plural of "Smurf" is "Smurves."

Languags are evolving realitis, any author, whether linguistes or not, should be able to invent new inflectiones.

I think it was a good choice just by how it flows. But he admittedly said it was a mistake on his part that he had to go with after the fact, and used other variations (dwarrow and elfin) in a few places. Tolkien was a master at creative retconning, using the excuse that he wasn't creating all this, but acting as an investigator who was uncovering an existing mythology/history. And that's why it worked so well.

I saw one comment before who even suggested that dwarf and elf had fallen out of use for a long time, and other similar constructed words had evolved over time and use from a "fs" to a "ves" because of the spoken version's sound. So Tolkien was just getting dwarf and elf caught up with the rest of the words.

The german translation calls them 'Elb/Elben' instead of 'Elf/Elfen' for some reason

The fact that it's named after a Maple Leaf badge still doesn't fully explain it though, because why should the fact that it's named after a badge change expected "leaves" to "leafs"?

One potential explanation for this phenomenon comes to us from morphology, the branch of linguistics dealing with the internal structure of words and how they are created. As we'll see, you're exactly right that it's because "maple leaf" refers to a badge instead of a leaf, but why will require a little bit of theory.

First we have to introduce the idea of a "compound" and prove that "maple leaf" is actually a single noun compound even though it looks like two words. A compound is any single word that contains (at least) two roots, that is, two "basic meaning-chunks" (that's not a perfect definition, but it serves our purposes here). There are three usual dimensions of tests to show whether something is two words or a compound:

1. Phonological. In English specifically, compounds often get initial stress. For example, I can build my house with a black BOARD, but I write on a BLACKboard. (Note that this is not exceptionless, even in English, so this test should only be used to support the next two tests).

2. Semantic. A second test is "semantic distance", that is, once a compound has formed, the meaning of the compound may drift from the meanings of the original components. For "blackboard", many of us have seen blackboards that were green, not black, passing the semantic distance test. This test is also not foolproof, however, since not all compounds show significant semantic distance yet, so you can use this test to show that something is a compound, but not that something isn't a compound.

3. Syntactic. The best test is "modification". The "head" of a compound (the part of the compound that tells you what kind of word it is and how it behaves) is the only part that can be targeted for modification (by adverbs, adjectives, etc.). So, for "blackboard", you can't say *"That's a very blackboard" to mean "That blackboard is very black". That is, once "black" has become part of the compound, it can't be modified.

So, putting all of this together, the string "maple leaf", as in "There's a maple leaf on that tree" a) has initial stress, so it passes the compound stress test, b) hasn't changed meaning, so it fails the semantic distance test, but c) can't be modified ("That's a big maple leaf" can't mean "That's a leaf from a big maple"), so it passes the modification test.

Our interim conclusion is that, whether we write it with a space between it or not (which doesn't matter at all as far as language is concerned), "maple leaf" is a single compound noun in English.

Ok, so where do we go from here?

Well, the next useful categorization is the distinction between "endocentric" and "exocentric" compounds. Endocentric compounds have the head inside the compound, which is just a fancy way of saying that the compound is a type of that thing. For example, a "doghouse" is a type of house, and a "maple leaf" is a type of leaf.

Exocentric compounds, as you might expect, are compounds that have their head outside the compound, which, again, is just a fancy way of saying that the compound is not a type of that thing. For example, "bigfoot" is not a foot, it's a creature with a big foot. "Blackbeard" is not a beard, but a person possessing a black beard. A "Toronto Maple Leaf" is not a leaf, but a person (or a badge, as I just learned today!) associated with a leaf. In short, this type of compound refers to something else. That's the "outside" part.

As it turns out, this "inside"/"outside" distinction is a useful theoretical construct that finally helps us explain "Maple Leafs".

What differences do you note in the compound pairs below?

bigfoot : *bigfeet : bigfoots
saber tooth : *saber teeth : saber tooths (when referring to the animal)

field mouse : field mice : *field mouses
salesman : salesmen : *salesmans

We get the expected irregular plurals when we have endocentric compounds, but unexpected regular plurals when we have exocentric compounds.

This is where the "outside" comes in handy theoretically. Many morphologists think that the "external" referential head on exocentric compounds takes up extra space in the structure of the word (even though we don't actually pronounce it) and consequently blocks plural morphology from reaching the irregular root due to the intervening external head, resulting in default, regular plural morphology instead (seen in the default ("productive") English -s plural endings above).

So, [[field mouse] + PLURAL] straightforwardly gives "field mice", but [[[big foot] + (of animal)] + PLURAL] gives "Bigfoots" due to "PLURAL" not being able to directly reach "foot" to produce the irregular plural "feet".

At last we can explain "maple leaves" vs. "Maple Leafs". Because a maple leaf is an endocentric compound that refers to a type of leaf, the construction looks like this: [[maple leaf] + PLURAL], which simply gives "maple leaves", with the irregular "v". (This "v" is called a "morphophonemic alternation", by the way. Let me know if you're interested in hearing more about them!)

For "Maple Leafs", on the other hand, we have [[[maple leaf] + (of person, or of badge)] + PLURAL], which gives "Maple Leafs", with default "-s" plural because the PLURAL feature can't see the normally irregular root "leaf" due to the added referential structure of the intervening external head.

Edit: Also, Tolkien is like 50% of why I became a linguist.