I don't know much about using the Synology, can you do the normal debugging things like docker exec -it joplincontainer sh to get a shell?
Are the security settings allowing outbound connections? Can the Joplin container resolve the DNS? I'm assuming you're using an externally provided SMTP server, or is it hosted on the NAS/on your LAN too?
And have you tried those exact connection details on a different device from your house, or ideally from the NAS (with the exec sh/bash command from earlier)?
openssl s_client -connect smtp.provider.net:465 is a handy command for testing the low level connection; you should see some SSL connection debug followed by something like 220 s1.provider.net ESMTP Postfix.