Run strace (or falco) and log every file open. When you hear the sound, reference the log of what files were accessed at that time.
Run tcpdump and capture all traffic. Analyze it in wireshark, searching for a time window around when the sounds happened.
FWIW putting pranks like this in cron or systemd is a common way to haze people who have bad security practices. We also used to set the default run level to 3 or 6, but of course that doesn't make sense in the era of systemd.