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It's the people not zipper merging correctly. You have idiots entering that are not up to speed and you have idiots breaking for the idiots not up to speed.
On ramps should be required to have their lane not end abruptly which causes the panic. The on ram should continue for at least a 1/4 mile.
I've literally seen a test with 4 cars driving around a circle, and they tell the drivers, "go at a consistent speed and maintain the distance in front of you" and after 5 minutes they're all bunched up on one side of the circle. No amount of zipper merging and nice ramps will fix this.
Cars cause traffic. Cars changing lanes causes traffic. Cars merging causes traffic. Only solution, get rid of the cars and the system built to cater to them.
This is the correct answer. There isn't a city on earth that has fixed congestion by building for more cars. It's the places that build for trains and bikes that are best for driving, ironically.
people not zipper merging correctly
Zipper merging is more complicated than driving straight forward and requires both lanes to slow down significantly relative to the cars in front and behind them.
The biggest issue with zipper merging is humans need to not be selfish for it to work. Its very efficient when moving well and everyone is in turn, as soon as 1 asshole sneaks in or prevents a merge, it causes the entire flow to stop.
Adding to this, more collector-distributor roads that parallel the highway on both sides to reduce the weaving of people entering and exiting.
This is also why I hate cloverleaf highway intersections, the merge period is way too short and the speed delta can be high.
The best flowing highways I've ever seen were ones where the on ramp didn't end, but became the off ramp for the next exit. Obviously you can't have that everywhere, but it's basically a free flow lane that gives time for adjustment. I've also seen on ramps (older ones) that aren't much more than a turn lane, and dangerous if you don't know the area and traffic patterns.
It's usually a complex crowd effect created by many participants trying to maneuver among each other in slightly disperate ways.
In Portland OR, it really is because some dingbat slowed down to 20 MPH on the interstate for literally no fucking reason at all.
Taking I-5 into Vancouver from Portland is always horrific. Once you get over the bridge it always clears right up! A big part of that is all the on ramps. There's so many of them! So everybody is having to make way every 10 feet for someone merging in.
It's horrendous.
CGP grey did a video on it: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHzzSao6ypE
Basically one car breaking too much will make the following brake even more and so on until one stops and there's a jam. There is no clear reason like a road blockage or an accident, just compounding slow down.
You are thr traffic.
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/9/4278
TLDR: modeling traffic as a gas leads to fairly accurate predictions. If that doesnt mean anything to you, here's a decent visualization of how gasses move around in a system. In this analogy, each of the gas particles models a car on the road. https://youtu.be/Hr5Baj3lXFA
Its because of two things. One is that people hog the passing lane or try to pass slowly so it takes them a few minutes to overtake a few cars, and also because people drive at different speeds. Some people drive at the speed that feels comfortable, others drive the state imposed speed limit. This creates pockets of dense traffic, and then people try to pass, but there is always the person who tries to pass as slow as possible because they are going a few mph over the speed limit.
Its really just a bad combination of laws, and drivers who are terrified of breaking the law, and people who dont know how to drive correctly in a way to reduce traffic. Also many people are just never consider that others also need to use the roads. They don't care about traffic. Some people also have health issues, like blindness, or mental handicaps, which means driving at interstate speeds is about all they can muster.
Years ago I was in LA on business and ended up on I-5. All of a sudden traffic stopped dead. Eventually people were getting out of their cars and walking around. About a half-hour later, traffic started up again. We never saw what was responsible for the blockage. No wreckage, no obvious marks or debris on the pavement, nothing. I'm glad I live in a small city nowhere near California.
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