this post was submitted on 05 Jun 2025
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It's A Digital Disease!

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The original post: /r/datahoarder by /u/xsdgdsx on 2025-06-04 19:36:08.

(To be clear, I am talking about https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_RAID_levels#Linux_MD_RAID_10 , which is not just raid1+0)

I'm planning on setting up a new array, and I'm trying to figure out how many drives to use (these will be spinning platter HDDs). I'll be using identical-sized disks with 2 replicas. I'm generally considering a 4-disk or 5-disk array, but I'm having trouble fully understanding the failure characteristics of the 5-disk array:

So, a 4-disk linux md raid10 array _is_ just raid1+0. This means that it's guaranteed to survive a single-disk failure, and it will survive a simultaneous second-disk failure if it happens to be on the other side of the raid0.

By trying to extend the Wikipedia diagrams for a 5-disk array, it looks like there are multiple second-disk failures that will kill the array, but potentially multiple that won't? And I can't figure out the pattern for the far layout. It looks like it might use one chirality for even drive counts, and then the opposite chirality for odd drive counts?

near layout
2 drives   3 drives   4 drives      5 drives?
D1 D2      D1 D2 D3   D1 D2 D3 D4   D1  D2  D3  D4  D5
--------   --------   -----------   -------------------
A1 A1      A1 A1 A2   A1 A1 A2 A2   A1  A1  A2  A2  A3
A2 A2      A2 A3 A3   A3 A3 A4 A4   A3  A4  A4  A5  A5
A3 A3      A4 A4 A5   A5 A5 A6 A6   A6  A6  A7  A7  A8
A4 A4      A5 A6 A6   A7 A7 A8 A8   A8  A9  A9  A10 A10
.. ..      .. .. ..   .. .. .. ..   ..  ..  ..  ..  ..

far layout (can't figure out what 5-drive layout should look like)
2 drives   3 drives   4 drives
D1 D2      D1 D2 D3   D1  D2  D3  D4
--------   --------   ---------------
A1 A2      A1 A2 A3   A1  A2  A3  A4
A3 A4      A4 A5 A6   A5  A6  A7  A8
A5 A6      A7 A8 A9   A9  A10 A11 A12
.. ..      .. .. ..   ..  ..  ..  ..
A2 A1      A3 A1 A2   A2  A1  A4  A3
A4 A3      A6 A4 A5   A6  A5  A8  A7
A6 A5      A9 A7 A8   A10 A9  A12 A11
.. ..      .. .. ..   ..  ..  ..  ..

offset layout
2 drives   3 drives   4 drives          5 drives?
D1 D2      D1 D2 D3   D1  D2  D3  D4    D1  D2  D3  D4  D5
--------   --------   ---------------   -------------------
A1 A2      A1 A2 A3   A1  A2  A3  A4    A1  A2  A3  A4  A5
A2 A1      A3 A1 A2   A4  A1  A2  A3    A5  A1  A2  A3  A4
A3 A4      A4 A5 A6   A5  A6  A7  A8    A6  A7  A8  A9  A10
A4 A3      A6 A4 A5   A8  A5  A6  A7    A10 A6  A7  A8  A9
A5 A6      A7 A8 A9   A9  A10 A11 A12   A11 A12 A13 A14 A15
A6 A5      A9 A7 A8   A12 A9  A10 A11   A15 A11 A12 A13 A14
.. ..      .. .. ..   ..  ..  ..  ..    ..  ..  ..  ..  ..

From this, it looks like with the near layout, there are 2 second-drive failures that will cause data loss and 2 second-drive failures that it will survive. So if D1 fails, D2 (holding blocks A1, A6) or D5 (holding blocks A3, A8) would kill the array. D3 or D4 would be fine (since they don't share any blocks with D1, which implies that both replicas exist within {D2, D3, D4, D5})

With the offset layout, it looks like that disk failure pattern is basically the same, even in spite of the very different (swizzled?) layout.

Questions: Do the arrangements that I came up with look correct? What is the arrangement for far2 with 5 drives? Are the failure characteristics that I noticed correct? Are there failure characteristics that I didn't notice?

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