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Tamerlane (April 8, 1336–February 18, 1405) was the ferocious and terrifying founder of the Timurid empire of Central Asia, eventually ruling much of Europe and Asia. Throughout history, few names have inspired such terror as his. Tamerlane was not the conqueror's actual name, though. More properly, he is known as Timur, from the Turkic word for "iron."

Early Life

Timur was a member of the Turkicized Barlas tribe, a Mongol subgroup that had settled in Transoxania (now roughly corresponding to Uzbekistan) after taking part in Genghis Khan’s son Chagatai’s campaigns in that region. Timur thus grew up in what was known as the Chagatai khanate. After the death in 1357 of Transoxania’s current ruler, Amir Kazgan, Timur declared his fealty to the khan of nearby Kashgar, Tughluq Temür, who had overrun Transoxania’s chief city, Samarkand, in 1361.

Tughluq Temür appointed his son Ilyas Khoja as governor of Transoxania, with Timur as his minister. But shortly afterward Timur fled and rejoined his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, the grandson of Amir Kazgan. They defeated Ilyas Khoja (1364) and set out to conquer Transoxania, achieving firm possession of the region around 1366. About 1370 Timur turned against Husayn, besieged him in Balkh, and, after Husayn’s assassination, proclaimed himself at Samarkand sovereign of the Chagatai line of khans and restorer of the Mongol empire.

For the next 10 years Timur fought against the khans of Jatah (eastern Turkistan) and Khwārezm, finally occupying Kashgar in 1380. He gave armed support to Tokhtamysh, who was the Mongol khan of Crimea and a refugee at his court, against the Russians (who had risen against the khan of the Golden Horde, Mamai); and his troops occupied Moscow and defeated the Lithuanians near Poltava.

In 1383 Timur began his conquests in Persia with the capture of Herāt. The Persian political and economic situation was extremely precarious. The signs of recovery visible under the later Mongol rulers known as the Il-Khanid dynasty had been followed by a setback after the death of the last Il-Khanid, Abu Said (1335). The vacuum of power was filled by rival dynasties, torn by internal dissensions and unable to put up joint or effective resistance. Khorāsān and all eastern Persia fell to him in 1383–85; Fars, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Georgia all fell between 1386 and 1394. In the intervals, he was engaged with Tokhtamysh, then khan of the Golden Horde, whose forces invaded Azerbaijan in 1385 and Transoxania in 1388, defeating Timur’s generals.

In 1391 Timur pursued Tokhtamysh into the Russian steppes and defeated and dethroned him; but Tokhtamysh raised a new army and invaded the Caucasus in 1395. After his final defeat on the Kur River, Tokhtamysh gave up the struggle; Timur occupied Moscow for a year. The revolts that broke out all over Persia while Timur was away on these campaigns were repressed with ruthless vigour; whole cities were destroyed, their populations massacred, and towers built of their skulls.

In 1398 Timur invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were showing excessive tolerance to their Hindu subjects. He crossed the Indus River on September 24 and, leaving a trail of carnage, marched on Delhi. The army of the Delhi sultan Mahmud Tughluq was destroyed at Panipat on December 17, and Delhi was reduced to a mass of ruins, from which it took more than a century to emerge. By April 1399 Timur was back in his own capital. An immense quantity of spoil was conveyed away; according to Ruy González de Clavijo, 90 captured elephants were employed to carry stones from quarries to erect a mosque at Samarkand.

Timur set out before the end of 1399 on his last great expedition, in order to punish the Mamlūk sultan of Egypt and the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I for their seizures of certain of his territories. After restoring his control over Azerbaijan, he marched on Syria; Aleppo was stormed and sacked, the Mamlūk army defeated, and Damascus occupied (1401), the deportation of its artisans to Samarkand being a fatal blow to its prosperity. In 1401 Baghdad was also taken by storm, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred, and all its monuments were destroyed.

After wintering in Georgia, Timur invaded Anatolia, destroyed Bayezid’s army near Ankara (July 20, 1402), and captured Smyrna from the Knights of Rhodes. Having received offers of submission from the sultan of Egypt and from John VII (then coemperor of the Byzantine Empire with Manuel II Palaeologus), Timur returned to Samarkand (1404) and prepared for an expedition to China. He set out at the end of December, fell ill at Otrar on the Syr Darya west of Chimkent, and died in February 1405. His body was embalmed, laid in an ebony coffin, and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried in the sumptuous tomb called Gūr-e Amīr. Before his death he had divided his territories among his two surviving sons and his grandsons, and, after years of internecine struggles, the lands were reunited by his youngest son, Shāh Rokh.

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[–] GalaxyBrain@hexbear.net 13 points 1 year ago (1 children)

Just got back from jamming with a pal on a 2 piece incredibly not accessible noise/industrial thing. We're ripping off Brighter Death Now for the most part. And on the way back some rando from my neighborhood who's like 60 or so approached me outside the grocery store, mentioned he'd seen me around a bunch and liked my general style, asked if I played music and would be down to jam. I guess he was a jam band acid head in the 80s and then he too, discovered industrial and harsh noise in the early 90s. So, there may be a double project going here cause this guy is a guitarist, I am bass and the pal I was jamming with is one of the best drummers I've ever heard let alone met. This 2 person thing doesn't really involve instruments aside from having them plugged and facing the speaker to create feedback, we're playing the pedals really. So we could also do a thing with a more traditional band structure. I'm at the point musically I just wanna make the least accessible music with like 1-2 other people tops.

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[–] SoylentSnake@hexbear.net 13 points 1 year ago

why tf dont ppl just unmatch when they decide they arent interested aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaah!!!!!

[–] CommunistBear@hexbear.net 13 points 1 year ago

I'm at back pain level 9/10 and I am seriously considering tearing my own arm off

[–] someone@hexbear.net 13 points 1 year ago (4 children)

Apparently there's a "pro life flag". I knew it would be awful before even seeing it, but it was worse than I could imagine. It's ridiculously traditionally-gender-coded in a way that would be too on-the-nose for satire.

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[–] Comp4@hexbear.net 13 points 1 year ago

That feeling when someone gets banned after being here for less than a month. Farewell, stranger.

[–] red_stapler@hexbear.net 13 points 1 year ago

Did anyone else meet the Insulindian Phasmid during the eclipse or am I actually an innocence?

[–] GeorgeZBush@hexbear.net 13 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

Trying to tell a group of friends about seeing the total eclipse and getting talked over and interrupted until I give up.

I feel bad because i'm always griping in these threads but I'm really getting so sick of everyone in my life rn. Feeling alone in a crowd is miserable. I want to just ghost everyone and quit my job and start over.

[–] Babs@hexbear.net 13 points 1 year ago

My party keeps scheduling all our meetings and classes when I'm working, and I just don't have enough time off to cover them. I'm definitely sticking around at least till May Day to follow through with what we're working on, but I don't know if I can keep making my obligations. sadness

[–] Grownbravy@hexbear.net 12 points 1 year ago

It’s Bravyday, the suns shining, I’m outside, none of my paychecks have arrived for the last 2 weeks.

kel-bliss

[–] Moss@hexbear.net 12 points 1 year ago (3 children)

I have been getting high a lot lately, way more than I ever drank, and I'm wondering if that's a bad thing. Like I'm pretty okay with being a stoner and being high a lot of the time

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[–] KittyBobo@hexbear.net 12 points 1 year ago (1 children)

When will Hexbear get an official Soulseek/Nicotine+ chat channel? If I make one will you join? You can download my Iron Maiden files, I got FLAC rips of the two disc Holland releases of their first three albums.

[–] KittyBobo@hexbear.net 12 points 1 year ago

UPDATE: There is already a channel named hexbear. Does anyone know a lobsterdog666?

[–] Rojo27@hexbear.net 12 points 1 year ago

Ugh... wtf is this layout on the desktop version of youtube?

[–] Frank@hexbear.net 12 points 1 year ago (3 children)

Leading young communists on a spiritual journey in to their own mind to find and kill the ghost of John Calvin that dwells within every American. "The poor deserve their fate" he whispers as we play cat and mouse through the id of the west. Not all will survive this critical task.

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[–] WIIHAPPYFEW@hexbear.net 12 points 1 year ago (1 children)

interesting how the timespan during which the American government was actively trying to introduce metric measurements just so happened to coincide with the absolute peak era of graphic design

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[–] dumpster_dove@hexbear.net 12 points 1 year ago (1 children)

This General Mega is masquerading as a News Mega

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[–] Frogmanfromlake@hexbear.net 12 points 1 year ago (1 children)

My sister is featured in an ad on a big ass billboard in the city. It’s a very weird feeling seeing a giant half-naked model and it’s your sister.

Happy for her though. She never really wanted to become a model but did it to help the family out when my mother got dangerously sick.

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[–] WhyEssEff@hexbear.net 11 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago) (1 children)

reading my sleep study results, excerpt with personal comments for layman legibility

Sleep architecture in this study was remarkable for a sleep onset latency of 15 minutes, REM onset latency /* normally 70-110 minutes */ of 214 minutes /* 3.5 hours */, sleep efficiency of 55%.

Moderate obstructive sleep apnea and snoring was noted with an AHI /* Apnea-Hypopnea Index */ of 25.5 events per hour /* "unremarkable is less than five, mild is five to fifteen, moderate fifteen to thirty, severe is greater than thirty" */

Events were worse in REM sleep with a REM AHI of 51.4 events per hour.

sleepless

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[–] Sleve_McDichael@hexbear.net 11 points 1 year ago

Went into the office yesterday on my mandated day in to do approximately five minutes of work

[–] bendan@hexbear.net 11 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago) (2 children)

Posting neat Chinese phrases whenever I feel like #33

{忐|tǎn}{忑|tè}

Remember {上|shàng} and {下|xià} (up and down)? If your {心|xīn} (heart) was going up and down, how would you feel? Perhaps perturbed, fidgety, upset, on edge, uneasy, nervous?

This is a 2-syllable word where neither {忐|tǎn} nor {忑|tè} make sense on their own, they are strictly parts of this word. I’m also 99% sure that the characters were invented specifically for this word.

@ProletarianDictator@hexbear.net

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[–] GalaxyBrain@hexbear.net 11 points 1 year ago

Hotel

Hotel

Hotel California

It's a nice hotel

Buckets of ice Hotel

Such a nice hotel

Hotel hotel hotel

Hotel hotel

Hotel Califronia

You can stay all day

Until the next day

And then you gotta pay

For another day

[–] GalaxyBrain@hexbear.net 11 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

Guys podcast about gambling and literally they apply the same rules I did to smoking crack. Never go to an atm after getting high

[–] BountifulEggnog@hexbear.net 11 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago) (2 children)

Breathing deeply hurts and it's a little concerning. Pretty sure I had covid a little bit ago too. This sucks even worse because (due to another issue) I sniffle a decent amount.

Also I'm an idiot who never got their boosters 😔

Could also be my garbage diet though

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[–] Dolores@hexbear.net 10 points 1 year ago

al Mansur was really competent. perhaps the most competent of all the non-figurehead Caliphs

[–] SoylentSnake@hexbear.net 10 points 1 year ago (2 children)

massive air bubbles in my nail polish makin me feel self conscious : /

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[–] GalaxyBrain@hexbear.net 10 points 1 year ago (1 children)
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[–] JohannaChittarra@hexbear.net 10 points 1 year ago

down with cis

[–] Mokey@hexbear.net 10 points 1 year ago

I needed to block one of these subs, it needs to be moderated more and have more rules. It was making me angry and i wasnt posting there so its easier to just block

[–] EelBolshevikism@hexbear.net 10 points 1 year ago

adhd risk taking vs caution brain

[–] ashinadash@hexbear.net 10 points 1 year ago (2 children)

The only thing I have desired in my adult life is to talk about books I like with people. How hard can that possibly be, right?

Dante Must Die Mode. It seems like 95% of the time I'd be more productive holding people up at gunpoint and treating it like an interrogation. Sucks to suck; the precious few times I've been able to do it, that shit's like a drug. Please, I beg of you, we can talk about this forever, I have headcanons and fundamental misunderstandings!

Something that's been rolling around my head for years now is that, in ~~Nevada by Imogen Binnie~~ Orange Book Bad, there's this one bit where Maria Griffiths in her narration observes some total bullshit about genderqueer identities, which is not epic and I'm actually gonna cw for transphobia:

Quote -

Not to mention, if you are a total baby panda at Internet communities asking, like, How do I get hormones, Internet trans women are very nice: they will tell you. But when you ask a more complicated question, like say, how do you resolve a genderqueer identity with a female identity when it seems like acknowledging the restraints of female identity and then bursting them doesn’t make you no longer female, just empowered, and therefore is genderqueer a privileged identity that’s mostly available to female-assigned people with punk rock haircuts, in college, everybody gets all butt-hurt and you get in trouble.

Wow, I should post literal Nevada quotes online more often. This is fun!!

Anyway on its face this is stupid for a whole fucking mess of reasons I'm pretty sure, like Orange Book Bad itself references Gender Outlaw once or twice, (slightly dimly, fwiw) and this kind of read is noooot compatible with Bornstein's read of gender as a class system. Ah yes, a non-cis identity is privileged and only available to one assigned gender...? Fuck off with that. It's sort-of consistent with Binnie's short I Met A Girl Named Bat in 2012's The Collection as well, which uses "both genders" once, maybe just for the sake of being an asshole.

The thing is, I have constantly wondered if I am missing something, or this is a bit or whatever, like an inside joke.This read feels kind of fucking stupid, but I don't have any other evidence by which to prove or disprove its shittiness. You can also observe that most people would rightly not bother, and dismiss it as a dogshit take. I'm slightly biased though, if Orange Book Bad is shitty, I desire to know exactly on what level and why.

Another factor is that someone could crawl out of the woodwork and be like "I lived next to a trans girl who said she was friends with Binnie, its actually a brilliant deliberate example of what an immovably awful person Maria is, Binnie said so" or something like that. I have low knowledge about this specific brainrot subject of books, so that's a possibility. I only want to understand shit.

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