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What size is the ARC set to? I've seen cases where it was fully disabled, which (unsurprisingly) seemed to murder performance and is probably even worse when in such a CPU limited platform. You stating that only 1.5 GB of 16 GB were in use makes this seem likely.
In general, if you care even remotely about performance, a raspberry pi is probably the wrong choice for a NAS. Even a single disk should have no issues saturating a 1gbe link. That being said, even a pi should manage 1 GBit/s on ZFS, especially when reading.
I don't know what ARC is and my searches so far haven't helped. The CPU usage is pretty low, on htop is rarely passes 10%.
Edit: I asked chatGPT what it means, this seems like exactly the setting I was hoping to find. I'll check it out and post an update.
Edit2: I changed the ARC size to 8GB and it definitely seems to have gotten slower.
ARC is the in-memory cache used by ZFS. If it's completely off the effect can be dramatic. Under no circumstances should a larger cache cause anything to get slower, ever. Even the raspi didn't have memory that is that slow that this is a reasonable outcome. By default on most distros, ARC size is capped to 50% of physical system memory. Keep in mind it is a cache: if something else needs needs the RAM, it will be released.
As a concrete example: I was recently working on a server where a maintenance task that should take like 12hrs or so at the worst somehow took 2 weeks (!) and still wasn't finished. That was ARC being disabled.