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Physicists Superheated Gold to Hotter Than the Sun's Surface and Disproved a 40-Year-Old Idea
(www.smithsonianmag.com)
this post was submitted on 02 Aug 2025
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Fine, I can say this in a way that does not violate energy conservation but still uses the energy-time uncertainty principle:
Say you have a system with two levels, hot and cold like the gold sheet in this experiment. Then I can take a linear combination of these two (stationary) states, between which which the period of oscillation would be deltat=h/deltaE, which would be the time for the system to "heat" and "cool" within 45 femtoseconds. (lifted from Griffiths, page 143)
That would give a deltaE>1.5E-20J compared with kT (T=19000K) = 27E-20J ๐ค (T=1300K) = 1.8E-20J so the fusion T is close to the oscillation limit, the extra energy for 19000K is not going to do anything unless the cooling slows down.
Soo...I don't understand the point of the experiment. It just looks like they're exciting ~~atoms~~ metal and then letting them quickly deexcite radiatively...and then wonder why they won't absorb huge amounts of energy and melt (if the energy remained within the system, it would). I probably would have to get the actual paper, but I don't wanna ๐
A reasonable approach, but melting is a phase transition. It's a collective behaviour. What the experiment shows is that quantum phenomena happen fast enough to make thermodynamics a bit strange. Probably because it is formulated in terms of continuous maths and atoms are discrete.
They didn't say anything about cooling the gold film.
They measured it lasted as solid at a certain temperature for a certain length of time after it had reached that temperature.
I'm sure it eventually melted, but the question was how long it stayed solid after being superheated past previously theoretical limits.
That's the problem, reading the quotes from my top reply even they seem to admit that what they are calling temperature is not what is usually called temperature in thermal equilibrium.
It's a subtle distinction.
High temperature/energy leads to entropy/liquification, but I think what this experiment demonstrated is there's a short delay or "entropy build up curve" between high amounts of energy and the "transmission" of entropy through the solid molecular structure to a liquid state.
I'm not sure if I'm wording all this correctly.