this post was submitted on 15 Jul 2025
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The question wasn't stupid at all, it was very valid! While modern racism solidified from the ~16th century onward, the past before that has a great many concepts of 'othering', some of which are recognizably roughly 'racist', and others which are probably more distant from the concept. Wondering about where a particular polity falls on this spectrum is commendable interest in the subject!
The Romans were a funny folk in that way. Immensely arrogant and capable of great snobbery, but also capable of accepting people from diverse backgrounds. The Emperor Pertinax, for example, was the son of a freed slave, while Emperor Septimius Severus (whose tondo I linked in the above comment) was a visibly darker man of Punic and Berber descent from North Africa, married to a Syrian woman. What made someone 'Barbarian' was mutable rather than immutable, and dependent on cultural affectations rather than birth.
There's a bit by the Emperor Claudius arguing in the Senate house that I always like to note:
it's so interesting that all the protofascist Rome fans nowadays are so racist that would make Romans want to distance themselves from them.
wonder how Romans would react to the modern race concept or that "some skin colours are superior to others".
Bemusement at the 'barbarian' concept, probably! The Romans believed (somewhat simplistically, but not entirely inaccurately) that skin color was the product of exposure to sun - people from Africa were darker-skinned because they lived in a land where the sun was constant and harsh; while people from Germany were pale because they lived in a land where sunlight was less intense. There was a great emphasis in Roman thought on the idea that environments made people, rather than birth - in part for that reason, Roman cities everywhere from Africa to Britain followed extremely similar construction patterns, under the idea that even in foreign lands that were altogether too hot or too cold, and intermarrying with foreign peoples, people in suitably Roman social environments would grow up to be Romans, or Roman-material.
It's a shame that whenever I see someone with a Graeco-Roman bust as a profile picture, my first assumption is not "Classics fan" but "fascist". We might reclaim some of that imagery someday, but I'll probably be old and gray by the time we succeed - IF we succeed. Bloodsucking fascist fucks.