Ocean Conservation & Tidalpunk

Climate impacts are triggering a host of novel bio- and geoengineering interventions to save coral reefs. This Comment challenges heroic scientific assumptions and advocates for a more systemic, evidence-based approach to caring for coral reefs.

For example, evidence shows that resilience and recovery are an inherent feature of natural ecosystems. The assumption that human intervention can deliver a better outcome is not supported by data: a synthesis of 400 studies of post-disturbance recovery shows no consistent benefits with human restoration compared to natural recovery^9^. Disturbed ecosystems undoubtedly display recovery debt, that is, “deficits in biodiversity and functions”^10^. But passive recovery as a natural process supports continued functioning and, most importantly, avoids further human disturbance.

Recent evidence from the northern Great Barrier Reef supports nature’s un-aided capacity to recover in the short term, with coral cover jumping from 10%, the lowest ever recorded, to a record high of 36% in just six years following the last major bleaching event. It was not coral reseeding or biophysical interventions that delivered this outcome over vast spatial scales, but natural recruitment and regrowth. Unfortunately, current and future heatwaves will continue to kill these regrown corals, rendering this natural success ephemeral. Yet to date, there is little evidence that the ecological dynamics that enabled this regrowth will cease to exist, or that active interventions — which have the stated goal of increasing cover of the same fast-growing corals — can have any population-wide impact^11^.

(...)Therefore, rather than being preoccupied with how to intervene, the scientific community can prudently step back and consider how to have less, not more, influence on nature.

A deliberate reduction of human influence on natural systems is not careless withdrawal, but a radical acceptance of our limited capacity to predict and influence specific outcomes within complex natural systems. (...)

Something remarkable has happened to A23a, the world's biggest iceberg.

For months now it has been spinning on the spot just north of Antarctica when really it should be racing along with Earth's most powerful ocean current.

Scientists say the frozen block, which is more than twice the size of Greater London, has been captured on top of a huge rotating cylinder of water.

For three decades it was a static "ice island". It didn't budge. It wasn't until 2020 that it re-floated and started to drift again, slowly at first, before then charging north towards warmer air and waters.

Prof Taylor showed how a current that meets an obstruction on the seafloor can - under the right circumstances - separate into two distinct flows, generating a full-depth mass of rotating water between them.

A23a is a perfect illustration once again of the importance of understanding the shape of the seafloor.

A23a's behaviour can be explained because the ocean bottom just north of South Orkney is reasonably well surveyed.

That's not the case for much of the rest of the world.

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The International Seabed Authority (ISA) has elected Leticia Carvalho of Brazil as its next secretary general, as pressure mounts for a pause on efforts to mine the sea floor for minerals for use in the energy transition.

Carvalho told The Guardian last month that rules governing deep-sea mining will take time and that no mining application should be approved before they are complete.

Canada’s The Metals Company (TMC) has said it is seeking a licence by year-end to extract minerals from the ocean floor.

The rush to complete the mining code was triggered by the Pacific island state of Nauru saying it would submit a mining licence application on behalf of TMC, which triggered the so-called “two-year rule” in 2021.

That rule allows mining applications to be submitted within two years, whether the mining code has been finalised or not.

Summary:

This video discusses the importance of both open ocean cleanup and river interception in addressing plastic pollution.

The speaker argues that open ocean cleanup is necessary to address the problem of plastic accumulation in remote areas of the ocean, such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. This is important because plastic pollution in the ocean harms marine life and contributes to climate change.

The speaker also argues that river interception is necessary to prevent plastic from entering the ocean in the first place. This is important because rivers are a major source of plastic pollution in the ocean.

The speaker concludes by saying that both open ocean cleanup and river interception are important and that they can be done at the same time.

An international research team deployed the unmanned submersible, ‘Ran,’ underneath 350-meter-thick ice. They got back the very first detailed maps of the underside of a glacier, revealing clues to future sea level rise.

Ran, an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), was programmed to dive into the cavity of Dotson Ice Shelf, West Antarctica, and scan the ice above it with an advanced sonar. An ice shelf is a mass of glacial ice, fed from land by tributary glaciers, that floats in the sea above an ice shelf cavity. For 27 days, the submarine travelled a total of over 1,000 kilometers back and forth under the glacier, reaching 17 kilometers into the cavity.

Some things are as expected. (...)

But the researchers also saw new patterns on the glacier base that raise questions. (...)

“The maps that Ran produced represent a huge progress in our understanding of Antarctica’s ice shelves. We’ve had hints of how complex ice-shelf bases are, but Ran uncovered a more extensive and complete picture than ever before. The imagery from the base of Dotson Ice shelf helps us interpret and calibrate what we see from the satellites,” said Karen Alley.

There are more than an estimated 3000 World War II shipwrecks across the Pacific Ocean. After years of decay, some of the wrecks are spilling thousands of tons of oil and fuel into the sea.

The scale and complexity of the Southern Ocean can be hard to comprehend. But our new paper may help. It summarises the present state of understanding of the Southern Ocean, how it is changing, and where the knowledge gaps lie.

Scientists and others regularly voyage to the Southern Ocean’s furthermost icy reaches – but more research is needed. The scientific and broader community must join together to advance Southern Ocean science and protect this vital natural asset.

We are currently in the UN Decade of Ocean Science, which aims to improve predictions of ocean and climate change. Improved understanding of the Southern Ocean is vital to this effort.

An analysis of the shape and composition of the microparticles suggests they may originate from clothes, indicating that wastewater runoff from washing machines could be polluting deep-sea corals living in previously thought to be "pristine waters".

The University College Cork study, funded by the Marine Research Institute, focused on the Porcupine Bank Canyon and north-eastern Porcupine Seabight.

The team analysed samples from depths of 605m to 2,126m from these marine conservation sites.

The study is published in Marine Pollution Bulletin: Microplastics and cellulosic microparticles in North Atlantic deep waters and in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa

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Recently, scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution wrapped up the most comprehensive study of the twilight zone in history, helping to establish that some 11 billion tons of microorganisms, crustaceans, squid, fish and gelatinous animals that live there are helping to draw down a third of the carbon dioxide emitted by human activity, likely saving us and our planet from catastrophic climate change.

Just as we are learning to appreciate the extraordinary service of creatures in the twilight zone, companies that manufacture feed for industrial fish farms, fertilizer and omega-3 supplements are preparing to exploit it. Right now nations are considering authorizing commercial fishing fleets to grind life in the twilight zone into fish meal, fertilizer and plant food. Before they move forward with these plans, it would be wise to hit pause so we can understand how that decision will affect our planet.

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They can’t exploit them—yet—as seabed mining in international waters is currently prohibited. But a little-known agency affiliated with the United Nations is working furiously to write the rulebook for the nascent, and controversial, industry. (...) Billions of dollars, of course, are also at stake.

Leticia Carvalho, a Brazilian oceanographer, wants to lead the obscure yet powerful organization at the heart of these debates.

That agency is the International Seabed Authority (ISA), and it’s electing its next leader at the end of July. Established under the 1982 U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and a related implementation agreement in 1994, the ISA is an autonomous international organization made up of all the states parties to UNCLOS. There are currently 169 members (168 states plus the European Union).

The organization rarely makes global headlines from its perch in Kingston, Jamaica, but it is charged with regulating a potentially massive new industry that doesn’t yet exist—and the person at its helm is set to play a highly influential role in shaping its future.

Negotiations on whether to allow deep sea mining to go ahead at the International Seabed Authority (ISA), have been rocked by the publication of a groundbreaking study that reveals that the polymetallic nodules that mining companies want to extract from the ocean may be producing " dark oxygen" in the deep sea. Delegates from Panama and Costa Rica have taken the floor to highlight the significance of this discovery and call for precaution.

A family in Wales is farming in the ocean. On suspended ropes, they farm seaweed, mussels, oysters, and scallops. This method is not just mutually beneficial for what they farm, but is also helps the ocean habitat.

There are no nets around the area, so wildlife is free to enter the area.

One major way this farming method helps is that it creates an exclusion zone to prevent fishermen from trawling it. This could have a direct positive impact on over-fishing by giving wildlife safe havens.

Brown believes a thriving ocean farming industry could provide solutions to the UK’s fish stock, which is in “a deeply troubling state” according to a report that found half of the key populations to be overfished. “It would create stepping stones where we have safe havens for fish and other organisms,” he adds.

Welcome to the deep ocean. Commonly considered to be the waters below 200 meters (656 feet), the deep ocean is a place where it is dark, food is scarce, and temperatures and pressures are extreme. Life is hard here, but there’s a lot of it.

There’s no place like home, but what does home look like for creatures of the deep? The variety of habitats in the deep ocean is extraordinary. These habitats are radically different from those anywhere else on Earth, and they’re host to organisms that have adapted to survive harsh conditions that are unimaginable to those of us on land.

Seamounts and canyons, deep-sea corals and sponges, chemosynthetic features like hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, and the water column are just some examples of the features — both geological and biological — that provide habitat for the deep ocean’s wildly wonderful life forms.

In June 2024, in recognition of National Ocean Month and World Ocean Day, we shared information about these habitats and some of the creatures that call them home.

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