Hundreds of teeth unearthed at an Invercargill building site have offered researchers a glimpse of life in Victorian-era New Zealand.

In a new study, Otago University researchers analysed first molars of four individuals found when the Leviathan Gift Depot site - home to Victorian dental practices from 1881 to 1905 - was excavated in 2019.

The research, just published in the American Journal of Biological Anthropology, is the first to study the people themselves from a colonial Aotearoa city centre.

By applying a range of scientific methods to just a fraction of a single tooth, the researchers were able to determine the sex, diet, social class, and place of residence of the people they were extracted from.

Study co-author Dr Siân Halcrow, of Otago’s Department of Anatomy, said the teeth were from three males and one female who all grew up in Aotearoa.

“We found that these dental patients were second or third-generation colonists to Aotearoa, with fairly similar childhood diets, who were potentially lower-class individuals, and either living in, or passing through, the growing colonial centre of Invercargill.”

While they ate a typical Pākehā or European diet likely consisting of meat, milk, root vegetables, wheat, barley, and oats, only one displayed evidence of being weaned from breastmilk.

“Invercargill expanded in the late 1800s, due to growth of farming in Southland, and its role as a major port for whaling and sealing,” Halcrow said.

“Colonists began to flock to the town, so it is not surprising that these individuals migrated to Invercargill from other urban or rural areas in the South Island or lower North Island.

“Despite the colonial period being a time of major adaptation and social change in Aotearoa, there is little bioarchaeological analysis of life experiences from the time.

“The work was also unique as most bioarcheological studies rely on the remains of the dead, but these teeth were extracted from living people.”

Just how so many teeth ended up on the site is an example of how lessons from the past inform present-day issues.

“The Dee St teeth were extracted from people who went to practitioner dentists – those who were more ‘mechanical’, with a focus on extracting teeth and fitting dentures.”

These practitioner dentists were cheaper than their professional counterparts who charged more for restorative and preventative care, she said.

“It could have been those who visited these dentists were from the lower classes, showing how some social groups have less access to preventative dental care and highlighting a dichotomy which still exists today.”

Archaeologists in Germany have discovered the remains of a massive hall that was likely used by royalty roughly 3,000 years ago.

With a floor plan stretching 102 by 33 feet (31 by 10 meters), the enormous structure, located near what is now Berlin, is the largest known ancient construction of its kind in the region. It was built sometime between the 10th and ninth centuries B.C. during the Nordic Bronze Age (2200 to 500 B.C.), according to a translated statement.

"We were overwhelmed by how big this building must have been," Immo Heske, an archaeologist at Georg-August University of Göttingen in Germany who found the hall in March with his team, said in the statement. Researchers dubbed the discovery a "spectacular find."

Researchers think the building once served as a meeting hall for King Hinz, the supposed ruler of Prignitz, now a district in northern Germany, who was allegedly buried in a golden coffin, according to a translated article in Spiegel Science.

A re-analysis of more than 300 sets of 5,000-year-old skeletal remains excavated from a site in Spain suggests that many of the individuals may have been casualties of the earliest period of warfare in Europe, occurring over 1,000 years before the previous earliest known larger-scale conflict in the region.

The study, published in Scientific Reports, indicates that both the number of injured individuals and the disproportionately high percentage of males affected suggest that the injuries resulted from a period of conflict, potentially lasting at least months.

A statue of the goddess Aphrodite was uncovered during excavations carried out in the Ancient Greek city of Amastris in today’s Turkey.

Anthropologists suggest forts were built to secure key trade routes through the region.